Insulin resistance may also sometimes play a role in the etiology of diabetes.

Because insulin is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, diabetes is not limited to a disturbance of glucose homeostasis alone. Patients with this condition should wear some form of medical identification at all times.Дiabetes melВґlitus a broadly applied term used to denote a complex group of syndromes that have in common a disturbance in the oxidation and utilization of glucose, which may be secondary to a malfunction of the beta cells of the pancreas, whose function is the production and release of insulin. Patient care includes instruction in self-administration of the drug, its expected action, symptoms that indicate a need to adjust the dosage, and the importance of follow-up visits. A synthetic analogue of vasopressin (DDAVP) can be administered as a nasal spray, providing antidiuretic activity for 8 to 20 hours, and is currently the drug of choice. Treatment of pituitary diabetes insipidus consists of administration of vasopressin. Diabetes insipidus may be acquired through infection, neoplasm, trauma, or radiation injuries to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland or it may be inherited or idiopathic. As a consequence, there is the passage of a large amount of urine having a low specific gravity, and great thirst it is often attended by voracious appetite, loss of strength, and emaciation. Oral medications have not been shown effective for Type I diabetes, in which the patient produces little or no insulin.Д¬entral diabetes insipidus a metabolic disorder due to injury of the neurohypophyseal system, which results in a deficient quantity of antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) being released or produced, resulting in failure of tubular reabsorption of water in the kidney. While these medications are an important aspect of treatment for Type II diabetes, they are not a substitute for a well planned diet and moderate exercise. Others, like metformin, have been shown to have positive effects such as reduced cardiovascular mortality, but but increased risk in other situations. Some for example, may stimulate weight gain or cause stomach irritation, so they may not be the best treatment for someone who is already overweight or who has stomach ulcers. All drugs have side effects that may make them inappropriate for particular patients. The choice of medication depends in part on the individual patient profile. New medications that are available to treat diabetes include metformin, acarbose, and troglitizone. How these drugs work is not well understood, however, they seem to stimulate cells of the pancreas to produce more insulin. Newer drugs in the same class are now available and include glyburide, glimeperide, and glipizide. The drugs first prescribed for Type II diabetes are in a class of compounds called sulfonylureas and include tolbutamide, tolazamide, acetohexamide, and chlorpropamide. Oral antidiabetic agents accounted for more than $5 billion dollars in worldwide retail sales per year in the early twenty-first century and were the fastest-growing segment of diabetes drugs. By 2001, the number had increased to 91.8 million prescriptions. In 1990, 23.4 outpatient prescriptions for oral antidiabetic agents were dispensed. Oral medications are available to lower blood glucose in Type II diabetics.

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